This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Cell Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry for PreClinical Students. The textbook will be available Late 2021.
Preferred citation:
Kindred Grey (2021). "Breakdown of nucleotides." CC BY 4.0.
Alternative text:
RNA/DNA arrow (deoxy) GMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase with H2O arrow Pi to (deoxy) guanosine arrow enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase and Pi bidirectional arrow (deoxy) ribose-1-P to guanine arrow enzyme guanine deaminase and H2O arrow NH4+ to xanthine arrow enzyme xanthine oxidase and O2 addition and H2O arrow H2O2 to uric acid. RNA/DNA arrow (deoxy) AMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase with H2O arrow Pi to (deoxy) adenosine arrow enzyme adenosine deaminase with H2O arrow NH4+ to (deoxy) inosine. (deoxy) AMP arrow enzyme AMP deaminase with H2O arrow NH4+ to (deoxy) IMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase with H2O arrow Pi to (deoxy) inosine bidirectional arrow enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase with Pi bidirectional arrow (deoxy) ribose-1-P to hypoxanthine arrow enzyme xanthine oxidase with H2O addition and O2 arrow H2O2 to xanthine. RNA/DNA arrow (deoxy) CMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase and H2O arrow Pi to(deoxy) cytidine arrow enzyme pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase with loss of NH4+ to (deoxy) uridine. RNA/DNA arrow UMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase with H2O arrow Pi to (deoxy) uridine bidirectional arrow enzyme uridine phosphorylase and Pi bidirectional arrow (deoxy) ribose-1-P to uracil arrow enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) with NADPH arrow NADP+ to dihydrouracil arrow enzyme dihydropyrimidinase to β-ureidopropionate arrow enzyme ureidopropionase with loss of CO2 and NH4+ to β-alanine. RNA/DNA arrow (deoxy) TMP arrow enzyme nucleotidase with H2O arrow Pi to thymidine bidirectional arrow enzyme thymidine phosphorylase with Pi bidirectional arrow (deoxy) ribose-1-P to thymine arrow with NADPH arrow NADP+ to dihydrothymine arrow β-ureidoisobutyrate arrow with loss of CO2 and NH4+ to β-aminoisobutyric acid.